Thursday, November 28, 2019

Compare Online Relationships with Face-to-Face Relationships Essay Example

Compare Online Relationships with Face-to-Face Relationships Essay Perhaps, to think that online relationships are in some points more superficial, deceitful or perilous than face-to-face relationship is such a dangerously-shallow deception. In fact, online relationships aren’t much different from real life relationships. Despite the fact that people have grown panic towards online relationships lately, face-to-face relationships themselves don’t serve any fewer disadvantages. Somehow it has been believe to be true that online relationships and face-to-face relationships are totally unalike, nonetheless the two elationships share three similarities covering intimacy, sincerity and risks. The first similarity concerns level of intimacy between two people in the relationship. Face-to-face relationships allow people to actually meet in person. In a real-life situation, they can see each other or have conversations with real interaction, such as eyes contact and body languages. The relationships can develop into further closeness and somet imes the couples end up with marriage. Similarly, all types of interactions provided in face-to-face relationships also exists in online relationships. By using interactive devices, such as web cameras, microphones and speakers, actual talking and seeing becomes possible through the internet. Deeper intimacies like serious relationships or marriage are also feasible for many internet couples. A new study of online dating site members has found that when couples who had built up a significant relationship by e-mailing or chatting online met for the first time, 94 per cent went on to see each other again. Moreover, the study also shows the successful relationships which last at least seven months and in some case over a year. This result proves that online relationships have a similar degree of success as real life ones. (Dr Gavin and Dr Adrian Scott, 2005) Additionally, according to the online dating research conducted by Marry Madden and Amanda Lenhart in 2006, nearly 3 million adults have entered long-term relationships or married their online dating partners. These evidences confirm that the situation of online dating is not any less real than face-to-face relationships. Secondly, the two relationships have something in common dealing with sincerity. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Online Relationships with Face-to-Face Relationships specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Online Relationships with Face-to-Face Relationships specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Online Relationships with Face-to-Face Relationships specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In face-to-face relationships there are opportunities to meet not only decent people but also the spurious. People lie, research has shown, in one-fourth of their daily social face-to-face interactions especially when it comes to the relationship issues. (Cornell University communications researchers, n. d. ) For example, some lie about having an affair. One study found that 2/3 of the wives (26 to 36 million women) whose husbands were cheating had no idea their husbands were having an affair. This’s because their husbands lied to them and they failed to recognize the telltale signs. Moreover, 25 percent of men and 17 percent of women had been unfaithful no matter how many years there’ve been married. (National Opinion Research Center, n. d. ) Likewise, online relationships offer both sincerity and deception. Nowadays, it has been on the news that internet relationships mostly lack elements of truth and frankness. Anyone can make up his or her profile about the looks, personality, occupation, education, financial status, or even name. These disadvantages of online relationships can occur in face-to-face relationships as well. However, honesty is not mpossible to find in cyberspace, due to the fact that there still be lots of genuine people using internet as a tool to find the right person for them to have relationships with. Furthermore, sincerity can also be found in other forms, several kind of support groups, such as groups for anxiety, depression, and substance abuse. As some of the members of each group share their own experiences, their relationships become a sincere binding between them and develop to further possibilities. All these proofs proves that online relationships should not be accused of eing more doubtful in term of sincerity than face-to-face ones. The last but not least similarity has to do with the risk. Both online relationships and face-to-face ones have the possibility to be deceived for money, sexual intercourse, physical assault or even homicide. Crime rates in online relationships as well as in face-to-face ones have been increasing. In real life, by 1991 the dramatic crime rate was 313% the 1960 crime rate and the rates are continuously increasing. Approximately 5% of the U. S. population, thirteen million people, are victims of crimes every year. United States Crime Rates, 1960 – 2006) The categories of crimes cover property thefts such as robbery and forgery as well as violence ,such as murder, forcible rape, physical and mental assault. Similarly, online relationships can lead into any categories of crimes that occur in face-to-face relationships. The cyber crime rates are also rising 255% in 2006 over 2005. (US. National Crime Records Bureau statistics, 2005-2006) According to the statistics, no obviously different risks between face-to-face relationship and online relationships appear. Summarily, people trend to e panic so much on online crimes that they overlook the fact that crimes that are caused by people in real life don’t have any less rates than online ones. It’s more than clear that, in contrast to what has been believed, both online relationships and face-to-face relationships carry the similar qualities in term of closeness, frankness and peril. In other words, internet relationships are no worse than the real life ones. Perhaps it’s time to reconsider our attitude towards this cyber romances as a virtual alternative relationships and to open the doors of opportunities and understanding for those millions online daters.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Depression Eulogy Essay Example

Depression Eulogy Essay Example Depression Eulogy Essay Depression Eulogy Essay Today we are gathered to mourn the most untimely death of depression. We are here to offer our condolences to depression’s closest company: self-pity, regret, and anguish. Depression went by many different names, to give just a few: sorrow, melancholy, desolation, and many more. Depression led what would most consider to be a successful life, it crept in, influenced many decisions, changed ways of thinking, acting and talking, it took over gradually when finally all that was evident was the effect depression had on those it influenced most. Yes, for some occasions, depression lost the battle to the courageous ones who chose to fight against it, but for most depression won the long and timely battle. Now I will be the one to mediate the influential life of depression. I remember the day depression and I met, I was only twelve but I realized at that very moment depression would have a major impact on my future and I was right. Depression continued to afflict me; gradually tearing me away from friends, family, and from any trace of a life I once had lived. But slowly I let everything I once held dear slip through my fingers like sand and I did nothing to stop it. I ceased caring about what mattered most and I recall when I started taking my depression out on myself when I couldn’t control my depression. It took me years to adjust to depression but eventually depression and I became very close I figured it seems as though I can’t get rid of it now might as well embrace it and that’s exactly what I did, I got very used to the affects depression had on me. In fact you could say depression and I even had a relationship of sorts, more of a mutual relationship than anything else. What depression and I had was each other and I believed for the longest time that that was the way it was always going to be. Well that was my circumstance, I had depression and depression had me; there was no going back and once I understood that everything became clearer. Clear as ever how I should manage my life. Depression had the effect on me to start drawing again, writing poetry, and even harming myself physically. What did depression receive in return? Well, depression received the satisfaction of making me miserable and that couldn’t make depression any happier. Ironic isn’t it? As I said before depression convinced me to start writing again. I recently read one of my dearest works. One that I can solely contribute to my good friend depression. I am going to recite a section of the poem depression helped me write: Now to consider what I want most does nothing more than humiliate me. Thinking of what I could’ve prevented seems to astonishing now. As if too difficult to fathom the nonsense of a most basic question. That is, why breath? Why deal with such anguish for only one happy smile. Not to last forever. Not even for a week. Though such easy questions would for most become as easy an answer not for me. with each step I take it sounds more and more lonely. I now think of nothing to save me. Depression was born August 26 2003 and died April 30 2009. Depression led a successful life. Depression was also good friends with one of my own family members. Unfortunately depression had a bigger influence on Steven. Depression took Steven from us January 12 2009. It was only then that I realized depression was too prominent in my life. I can’t honestly say many goods things about depression except for the fact that it made me stronger and now that it’s dead in my life I will never have to go through that experience again. Although I can thank depression for one thing, for showing me how beautiful life can truly be.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Language Maintenance, Language Death Essay

Language Maintenance, Language Death Essay Language Maintenance, Shift, and Death Sociology Essay Language Maintenance, Shift, and Death Sociology Essay Language is a complex phenomenon, which unites all human beings and impacts their cognitive and communication processes. The ability to communicate with complex signals, which are incorporated in various languages, significantly differentiates humans from other types of living beings on the planet. Apparently, language factor is one of the most important features for any civilization. The reason for this assumption is that language fosters cognitive processes and enables operation with complex and abstract notions. Moreover, the ability to communicate with the help of advanced language systems allows transforming abstract notions into more concrete objects. Thus, enhanced abstract and concrete thinking together with communication enables to create such societies and conditions for their living as cities. Consequently, numerous sciences study the phenomenon of language aiming at defining its basic concepts, systemic features, and other aspects. Currently, it is the object of interest for psychology, linguistics, sociology, history, and other branches of science including their broad range of narrower sub-branches. Furthermore, current reality and history of languages show that they undergo different processes, which include changes in their lexis and systemic structure. Among the most significant aspects demonstrating these processes are language maintenance, language shift, and language death. Thus, this paper investigates these phenomena characterizing them and giving specific examples for them. It is evident that language maintenance, language shift, and language death are the most significant aspects for sociolinguistics. Their analysis would enhance the general understanding of their role for sociolinguistics as well as for such branches as cognitive psychology and history of languages. The Phenomenon of Language Before characterizing the processes, which influence the development and the decay of language systems, one has to characterize the language phenomenon generally and from the position of sociolinguistics. Thus, the language is a systemic phenomenon, which involves the usage of different signs in terms of social agreement. Malathi (2015) defines language as â€Å"the communicative means of man, which plays a great part in our life and distinguishes man from the animals.† Moreover, the scholar claims that any current language is the result of the historical movement, and it changes throughout thousands of years (Malathi, 2015). The amount of languages in the world is constantly changing because of social and other interactive reasons. In the contemporary world, it is estimated that there are about 7,000 different languages with 90% of them used by less than 100,000 people (â€Å"Languages of the world – Interesting facts about languages†, 2014). What is more, schol ars indicate that about 46 languages have only one speaker whereas the majority of humanity speaks about 150-200 languages. The reasons for such statistics vary, but they are inevitably connected with the phenomena of language maintenance, shift, and death. Each language is characterized by structure and its vocabulary filling. Studies indicate that the most part of languages have similar grammatical structure even if they significantly differ in terms of vocabulary and are spoken on different continents (â€Å"Languages of the world – Interesting facts about languages†, 2014). One of the critical aspects of any language is its ability to change depending on various internal and external factors. Language changes occure constantly and involve its every level, which may include phonetic, graphic, lexical, grammatical, and other issues (Malathi, 2015). In their turn, language studies can be performed by means of comparing related but different languages existing at the s ame period of time. Likewise, language studies may focus on historical context comparing one language to another throughout their different stages of historical development. It is evident that many changes in languages reflect their general tendency for the development of more abstract and universal systems (Malathi, 2015). Thus, language maintenance, shift, and even death are the results of this tendency aiming at reaching versatility of the peculiar language system. Language Maintenance and Language Shift First, there is a need for the characteristics of language maintenance and language shift, as they are one of the basic aspects, which characterize any language system. Thus, the studying of these issues is connected with the relationship between the change of stability in habitual language use and ongoing psychological, social, and cultural processes (Fishman, 2013). Subsequently, language maintenance is the factor, which preserves a system of a particular language in its stable state and restrains the influence of exterior factors. Despite the fact it is impossible to completely bypass any of the exterior changes, it preserves the core of the language system allowing it to function without significant transformations. A peculiar feature of contemporary linguistics is that is puts particular stress on the social, political, cultural, and linguistic phenomena of heritage language maintenance and loss (Gonzalez, 2015). The reason for this is that the modern world has a variety of comm unities, which are characterized by the coexistence of the speakers of different languages. Therefore, there is a danger of losing identity of any particular language because of such active interaction. As characterized by the scholars, the exposure of the discussed phenomena may be observed in the case of coexistence of two linguistically distinguishable populations in contact (Malathi, 2015). Consequently, constant interaction causes the speakers to adopt peculiar grammar structures or lexemes, thus shifting the identity of their language. One of the examples studying the phenomena of language maintenance and shift explores the existence of the Slovenian minority group in one of the regions in northern Italy. Thus, as it was explored by the study of Jagodic (2011), the investigated processes among the Slovenian speakers revealed a persistent degree of language shift. As it was reported by the author, â€Å"the analysis of the language use patterns among the Slovenian community me mbers, presented in the first section, has clearly revealed a slow, yet progressive advancing of the processes of the shift towards the use of the Italian language.† The implications of this study advise the community members about establishing activities aimed at language maintenance within the targeted community. Moreover, it is evident that similar investigations addressing the issues of language maintenance and language shift indicate the fact that minor language communities are endangered by the bigger neighbors. The reason for the fears associated with this phenomenon is that any language is regarded as the core of culture and the basic cultural value (Bradley, Bradley, 2013). Therefore, analyzed issues are relevant for the communities having bilingualism and coexistence of minor and major language populations. Likewise, similar shifts may be observed if minor cultures experience difficulties with mastering their own languages whereas the neighboring language of a major culture is easier to learn. Moreover, such relations can be noticed in case the society supports, tolerates, or represses language minorities for their languages (Bradley, Bradley, 2013). Thus, the tendencies of language shift are observed in the case of Italians’ and Catalonians’ coexisting. The result of th is coexistence is that despite former historical opposition between Catalan and Italic communities, the Catalan society has become mostly Spanish-speaking (Newman, Trenchs-Parera, 2015). Likewise, similar historical processes can be detected in the case of the English language history. Thus, Knooihuizen (2015) claims that despite the coexistence of Cornish English, Manx English, and Shetland Scots in Early Modern English period, they had an overall tendency towards unification. The result of this process was becoming of some grammatical forms and lexemes more common, whereas the others were substituted actualizing the scenario of standardization through language shift. Therefore, gradually, various dialects coexisting in Early Modern English period lost their varieties when facing the reality of the predominant language standard. On the contrary, there are cases in history when English was driven out from certain communities since it was the feature of minor social groups. Such case is described in the study of Perez (2015), who investigates the reasons for social rejection of the English language by the inhabitants of Paraguays New Australia. The scholar argues about the fact that at the end of the 20th century, almost 600 colonizers from the UK and Australia settled in Paraguay (Perez, 2015). Their initial goal was setting up the society of pure English-speakers. However, the sociolinguistic history of the community in Paraguay indicates that it was divided into speakers of Spanish and English. As a result of the domination of Spanish language in the country, the English community was underrepresented, which caused English language’s disap pearance from Paraguay (Perez, 2015). Thus, even if language may have a majority of speakers worldwide, it may disappear from particular countries with no community support. Furthermore, there is a need for the discussion of language maintenance and language shift in the time of globalization. Thus, it is evident that the world speakers favor a small list of mostly spoken languages. Among the top five spoken languages in the world are Mandarin, English, Hindustani, Spanish, and Russian with over 1 billion, 508, 497, 392, and 277 million speakers respectively (â€Å"Top 10 most spoken languages in the world†, 2008). This fact means that in case there is a community of minor language speakers, its language may be exposed to danger of extinction or language death. Therefore, there is a need for the characteristics of the reasons and factors causing language disappearance Language Death A peculiar value of any language lies in the fact that it represents the vision of the world depicted through the perception of the speakers. Thus, the language death is a significant negative event, which causes a loss of cultural individuality represented by it. The existence of any language is supported by a broad range of political, economic, demographic, and social factors (Crystal, 2012). Therefore, these factors may also cause or stimulate the loss of a language. Furthermore, since language cannot be separated from its speakers, one may presume that the first languages appeared with the first humans and their organized communities. Scholars assume that if humans started speaking 200,000 years ago and the first language appeared 100,000 years ago, there might be between 64,000 and 140,000 languages ever existing (Brons, 2014). It is evident that some part of them is already dead, whereas approximately 2,500 of the existing ones are considered endangered (Kornai, 2013). Moreover , there are scientists, who estimate that the total number of languages may be higher up to the proportion of 50-90% of the assumed world’s 6,900 languages (Romaine, 2013). According to various claims, the result of this may be not only social, economic, or political factors but, additionally, the language environment. For instance, Romaine (2013) indicates that environmental changes of the past, which caused hunger and diseases, changed the ecosystems of the existing societies. As a result, their migration and assimilation led to the death of various language groups. However, developing the concept of the ecology of language, Romaine (2013) blends it with other features such as sociological and psychological conditions of each language along with their impact. Furthermore, some linguists mix sociolinguistic and biological theories in order to find the adequate explanation of the processes of the languages extinction. Thus, Ritchie (2014) refers to the study of Claude Hagege who traces the analogy between the existence of language and theories of evolution. Additionally, the author stresses that certain linguists explored this phenomenon through the prism of Darwinian concepts of natural selection, speciation, and extinction (Ritchie, 2014). A peculiar feature of his views is that he considered that a language may live even though it has no speakers but only written texts. In this sense, texts were regarded as autonomous reproductions of an extinct language. At the same time, Ritchie (2014) argues that the dying languages experience the processes of lexical, phonological, and grammatical erosion. As it is viewed by the scholar, these events are the result of the absence of intergenerational communication and the absence of younger speakers. Additionally, one should note that language death is a natural phenomenon, which is caused by the ignorance of a language towards social resistance and its assimilation into the dominant language (Canagarajah, 2015). Thus, despite scholar claims that psycholinguistic aspects of language assimilation require additional sociolinguistic research (Canagarajah, 2015), he discusses the phenomenon of linguistic emancipation. The example of the result of language death may be the Maliseet language, the only speaker of which has lost his linguistic knowledge at a young age (Sodikoff, 2012). As a result, the former speaker of Maliseet has lost one’s cultural reference and identity by means of assimilation with other culture. Consequently, scholars indicate that pidgin- and creole-speaking people are among those speakers, whose languages remain on the fringe of the world’s languages (Sodicoff, 2012). Therefore, they suffer from the pressure of bigger cultural communities and more popular languages, which, in turn, endanger their historically natural community and language. The discussed issue shows that the natural language shift towards more favored languages and cultures causes the overall language shift of minor language communities. As a result, younger speakers of these communities refuse to learn their own language and culture giving favor to more popular, useful, or easier language. At the same time, the endangered language itself experiences assimilative processes with the dominating language. The result of this is that its phonemic structure, grammatical structure, and the vocabulary obtain features from the host language. Thus, gradually, language shift causes language death. In order to resists these processes, minor language communities should develop language and culture preserving programs. These programs and initiatives should focus on language maintenance activities maintaining the unicity of the natural language of a peculiar community. As a result, the speakers would preserve cultural resistance towards the communities with major lang uage. Therefore, these actions would allow language to live even in the case of having underrepresented community of its speakers. Summarizing the presented information, the study comes to a conclusion that language maintenance, language shift, and language death are three significant factors for any society. The reason for this assumption is that any group of speakers has to have language maintenance with the aim of saving the unicity of their language and resisting assimilation. In contrast, language shift is a process of active relationship between the speakers of two languages characterized with a high degree of assimilation. A peculiar feature of this process is that minor language communities tend to lose the features of their languages when faced with major ones. As a result, gradual language shift towards the major culture causes the language death in minor culture. Such death is accompanied by the assimilation of phonemic and grammatical structures of the underrepresented language as well as its vocabulary. Therefore, minor communities require the establishment of measures and initiatives aimed at prese rving the existence of their languages. Consequently, the activities towards enhancing language maintenance in minor language community would allow avoiding language death.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Prehistoric Life During the Permian Period

Prehistoric Life During the Permian Period The Permian period was, literally, a time of beginnings and endings. It was during the Permian that the strange therapsids, or mammal-like reptiles, first appearedand a population of therapsids went on to spawn the very first mammals of the ensuing Triassic period. However, the end of the Permian witnessed the most severe mass extinction in the history of the planet, even worse than the one that doomed the dinosaurs tens of millions of years later. The Permian was the last period of the Paleozoic Era (542-250 million years ago), preceded by the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous periods. Climate and Geography As during the preceding Carboniferous period, the climate of the Permian period was intimately linked with its geography. Most of the earths land mass remained locked up in the supercontinent of Pangea, with remote offshoots comprising present-day Siberia, Australia, and China. During the early Permian period, large portions of southern Pangea were covered by glaciers, but conditions warmed considerably by the beginning of the Triassic period, with the reappearance of vast rain forests at or near the equator. Ecosystems around the globe also became significantly drier, which spurred the evolution of new types of reptiles better adapted to cope with the arid climate. Terrestrial Life During the Permian Period Reptiles: The most important event of the Permian period was the rise of synapsid reptiles (an anatomical term denoting the appearance of a single hole in the skull, behind each eye). During the early Permian, these synapsids resembled crocodiles and even dinosaurs, as witness famous examples like Varanops and Dimetrodon. By the end of the Permian, a population of  synapsids had branched off into therapsids, or mammal-like reptiles; at the same time, the very first archosaurs appeared, diapsid reptiles characterized by the two holes in their skulls behind each eye. A quarter of a billion years ago, no one could have predicted that these archosaurs were destined to evolve into the very first dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era, as well as pterosaurs and crocodiles!Amphibians: The increasingly dry conditions of the Permian period were not kind to prehistoric amphibians, which found themselves out-competed by more adaptable reptiles (which could venture further onto dry land to lay their to ugh-shelled eggs, whereas amphibians were constrained to living near bodies of water). Two of the most notable amphibians of the early Permian were the six-foot-long Eryops and the bizarre Diplocaulus, which looked like a tentacled boomerang. Insects: During the Permian period, conditions werent yet ripe for the explosion of insect forms seen during the ensuing Mesozoic Era. The most common insects were giant cockroaches, the tough exoskeletons of which gave these arthropods a selective advantage over other terrestrial invertebrates, as well as various types of dragonflies, which werent quite as impressive as their plus-sized forebears of the earlier Carboniferous period, like the foot-long Megalneura. Marine Life During the Permian Period The Permian period has yielded surprisingly few fossils of marine vertebrates; the best-attested genera are prehistoric sharks like Helicoprion and Xenacanthus and prehistoric fish like Acanthodes. (This doesnt mean the worlds oceans werent well-stocked with sharks and fish, but rather that the geologic conditions didnt lend themselves to the fossilization process.) Marine reptiles were extremely scarce, especially compared to their explosion in the ensuing Triassic period; one of the few identified examples is the mysterious Claudiosaurus. Plant Life During the Permian Period If youre not a paleobotanist, you may or may not be interested in the replacement of one weird variety of prehistoric plant  (the lycopods) by another weird variety of prehistoric plant (the glossopterids). Suffice it to say that the Permian witnessed the evolution of new varieties of seed plants, as well as the spread of ferns, conifers, and cycads (which were an essential source of food to the reptiles of the Mesozoic Era). The Permian-Triassic Extinction Everyone knows about the K/T Extinction Event that wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, but the most severe mass extinction in earths history was the one that transpired at the end of the Permian period, which annihilated 70 percent of terrestrial genera and a whopping 95 percent of marine genera. No one knows exactly what caused the Permian-Triassic Extinction, though a series of massive volcanic eruptions resulting in a depletion of atmospheric oxygen is the most likely culprit. It was this great dying at the end of the Permian that opened up the earths ecosystems to new kinds of terrestrial and marine reptiles, and led, in turn, to the evolution of dinosaurs.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The heart of darkness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The heart of darkness - Essay Example As for the â€Å"Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,† it examines the roots of America’s financial crisis. Kurtz and the people involved in the financial crisis underwent a process of dehumanization, because the power of capitalism and imperialism consumed them and turned their hearts into a dark shade of greed and arrogance. Kurtz loses his humanity, because capitalism and imperialism provided him with God-like powers. His main purpose was to deliver the goods back to the company through leading the natives. Marlow hates the â€Å"physical† and material foundations of imperialism: â€Å"The conquest of the earth, which mostly means taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look at it too much† (Conrad 69). But Kurtz found imperialism appealing, because he had self-interests to look after. In the story, Kurtz has changed from a simple human being into a savage beast. He y earned for the best and the most number of ivories, since he wanted to become rich and be fitting for his â€Å"Intended.† His economic goals became political, as the hunt for ivories turned into a power game.

Summary of book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of book - Essay Example These images present readers with printed and verbal vocabulary required by specialists, public representatives, and residents to analyze the unregulated expansion of the American urban landscape (Hayden 2006). The book is a definitive narrative of contemporary words used by today’s architects and designers. A printed and visual dictionary for today’s property developers is necessary for keeping up with the pace of modern housing and all other physical elements that go with it. Metropolitan areas in the United States are structured around sustainable growth, where new expansive regions of vehicle-based buildings prosper while older districts fade away (Hayden 2006). Each of the images come with brief descriptions of their backgrounds in relation to their respective designers, as well as how they affect neighboring real estates. The transition from sprawl to sustainable urban settings causes Americans to resist sprawl guidelines or designs. In the process, challenging economic powers to pursue a steady and incorporated urban environment has not yet forfeited the mindless growth of

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

RBSs Internationalization Models Into Mexico As An Emerging Markets Essay

RBSs Internationalization Models Into Mexico As An Emerging Markets Using Country Of Origin Audit 2038 - Essay Example These are all factors and reasons that have necessitated the need for RBS to look for a new international destination where the company can continue its business in the manner that it has done in the British for years. But for the company to succeed with internationalisation, it is important that a market research will be conducted in the targeted market (Subhash, 2006). This market research proposal begins the process of actual market research of Mexico as an emerging market. When the need to adopt sustainability strategies as a means of avoiding possible decline of a product arises on a given market, there are several modalities that can be used to salvage the situation. Paul, Alan and Arun (2014) mentioned that companies can resort to the use of new product development as a means of responding to this situation. Another solution is internationalisation, which finds an entirely new market base for the product or service (Oviatt and McDougall, 2012). As RBS selects the use of internationalisation, there are some important questions that the company has to answer. These questions form the central problem of the research proposal. The first problem has to do with the country-based factors of Mexico that makes it either conducive or challenging for RBS. There is also the problem of banking industry based factors of Mexico that makes the country either conducive or challenging for RBS’s internationalisation ambition. Finally, there is the problem of s electing the best internationalisation model that meets the current internal position of RBS as well as the external factors the company is faced with as it seeks to enter Mexico. With the identified research problems given above, the market research will be performed with the aim of identifying the best means by which RBS can enter the Mexican market with all opportunities

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

APT- Arbitrage Pricing Theory and CAPM-Capital Asset Pricing Model Research Paper

APT- Arbitrage Pricing Theory and CAPM-Capital Asset Pricing Model - Research Paper Example In the action of comparing investments’ returns and risks, if CAPM or APT is well utilized, they will reflect on whether one ought to invest in a given firm or another. The formulas to these two methods are given under; CAPM Re= Rf + ÃŽ ²*(Rm – Rf) Where; Re = Required return rate Rf =Risk-free return rate ÃŽ ² = Beta, which is the market risk factor premium Rm = Expected overall market return rate (valuebasedmanagement.net, 2011) APT Re = Rf + (Individual risk factor premium*Relationship between the factor and price) + (Individual risk factor premium*Relationship between the factor and price) Generally, these two methods are different in that one (CAPM) uses beta- which is the risk factor of a given stock in relation to that of the market. Therefore, if beta equals 1 this stock is equally risky with the market, if it is 2 the same stock is twice risky in comparison to the market. While on the other hand, APT utilizes individual factors in place of beta. Also APT does not apply the market return rate and thus considered to be more particular to a given stock in focus. CAPM’s data is objective while APT applies data from a single stock. Thus, CAPM is recommendable to an investor who is relatively dormant as compared to APT, which if correctly applied is better placed to assess projects. (Grover, 2010) Some authors have applied APT and compared the resultant estimates with those of CAPM. Patterson notes one of the cases where such has been done is the electric utility’s, written by Ross and Roll in their 1983 book. According to Patterson the end results of APT were credible in comparison to those of CAPM. But, this was without enough justification of the results. (Patterson, 1995 p151) Besides the first two, there are methods of assessment like the Dividend Growth Model and Modern Portfolio Theory. The Dividend Growth Model shows the value of ordinary shares in present value of the prospected future flows of cash which has been invested by an investor. The receivable cash inflows are taken as dividends as well as the expected price in future while the stock will be disposed. An ordinary share usually does not possess maturity and thus, it is held for numerous years. Therefore, a general ordinary shares’ valuation introduced by Gordon would be as below; P0 = ?t= 1â₠¬ ¦? Dt/ (1+r)t Where; Dt = dividend in duration t P0 = current stock price in the market r = constant yearly rate of growth of dividends t = number of given durations of periods (Siegel, et al 1997 p140) Just to mention, the other model investment assessment is known as MPT- Modern Portfolio Theory. This is a theory applied by investors who are risk averse and at the same time they want to achieve maximum or optimum level of expected return which is based on the market risk level. It emphasizes that risk is inherent in the process of getting the rewards associated with it. MPT is sometimes called the ‘Portfolio Management Theory’. As per the argument of this model, it is a possibility to come up with an efficient frontier that depicts optimal levels of a portfolio giving the maximum rate of expected return at the given risk levels. (investopedia.com, 2011) The study is set out to explain that the most recommendable model in the assessment of investment projects is CAPM . First things first, though, since lack of consideration of the assumptions would not lead to a comprehensive outcome of the study. The model of CAPM has the assumptions mentioned below forming its basis; Persons seek to achieve maximum utility of their investment portfolio over a given duration of planning horizon, Persons involved are risk averse, Persons have expectations

Monday, November 18, 2019

Evaluate teh Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 that focuses on Barriers Essay

Evaluate teh Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 that focuses on Barriers of implementing of the Act - Essay Example To begin with, in the full implementation of the act there was lack of the devoted man –hours to properly implement it. This was actually caused by the fact some of the people charge with see the success of this act felt that all avenues had been explores as far as preventing pollution is concerned and that this act would not add anything substantial to the extent that thing had reached. Though some of this is due to the lack of management committee that can coordinate the ground work, it was also noted that there was lack of enough resources. In order to successfully achieve its objective then there has to a management committee which will be charge with responsibility of coordinating all the staff (Dale & Johnson, 1996). Secondly, another major barrier to the success of this act was the fact that the project was deemed to cost so much and yet many felt that enough had been done to prevent pollution. Its surely true that the implementation of this act would cost so much for the tax payers thus this was a big barrier in its implementation since the government was reluctant to pump that much need funds to speed up its implementation. Though, all is not as they could still depend on the multimedia results and conclusive data that had been taken before in order to facilitate its implementation. These already existing data could be used in understanding the trend and conditions in the environment and public health (Dale & Johnson, 1996). There was also lack of enough priority from the business owner. This was due to the general awareness of the mandate as far as the prevention of pollution is concerned. In order to ensure success of this project then there has to be increased awareness especially of the EPA funded Chemical and Pesticide Results Measure Project (CAPRM) and this would in turn help increase the participation of many business owners. In addition, there was also lack of the regulatory enforcer. This to me I don’t

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Foundation of Leadership Essay Example for Free

Foundation of Leadership Essay How do leaders of today become what they are now? What experiences did they gone through in stabilizing their foundations of good and ideal leadership? There are just too many aspects in life that will mold you to become an efficient leader. Every experience, person you will meet, and their ideals will contribute to create a leader out of you. 1. Create a diagram that demonstrates the interplay of your life. Include the aspects that you think are important. The diagram shows how an individual gain his skills and knowledge through social interaction. Personal experiences teach an individual what to do and what he will become in the future. The relationship and interaction with the people around you mold and stabilize your character. The work and experience that you have or have been engaged in will create the kind of leader you are or can be after surpassing circumstances and pressures. Your goals and desires will determine how far you can go. 2. What principles surfaced to you from your readings of Synchronicity? To what extent have you practiced any or all of the disciplines in the context of your personal life? Synchronicity, a book written by Joseph Jaworski, also discussed about important insights in leadership. He presented the value of servant leadership; wherein in an organization an individual is after the group instead of one’s self interest. Servant leaders should know how to listen, empathize, be aware, heal himself and the members, conceptualize, foresee, persuade, commit, and build his community. Servant leaders should also know how to keep the harmonious relationship among members. From my own experience, I have proven that servant leadership works. A leader who values the group members and their opinion has too far to go in leading. Listening, empathy and awareness are very important. Moreover, respect is also being gained in return. You can also expand and develop ideas through brainstorming. Jaworski also discussed the importance of advance planning and conceptualizing. You will be able to estimate and assume future events and circumstances, enabling you to know what to do or avoid in the future. Learning from the past is also important, past experiences can be one’s pattern in decision-making. Leadership skills can be developed and improved through one’s knowledge and experiences. Different styles can be used depending on the situation for a more efficient results, only proper decision-making should be done wisely. To be knowledgeable and ideal leader, explore the world and learn more things in life. Be responsible. 3. Locate one or more websites and journals that explore leadership traits and styles, and discuss management and leadership. A group of researchers led by Kurt Lewin, conducted an experiment in order to study and identify specific types of leadership. In result, the group established three major types: the authoritarian leadership (autocratic), Participative (democratic), and delegative (laissez-faire). (Kendra Van Wagner) In authoritarian leadership, clear expectations of all the details is provided such as what, when, and where something should be done. Leaders decide independently with a little contribution from the rest of the group, or even nothing at all. In this type of leadership, less creativity in decision-making is being formed by the group. However, it is applicable in situations wherein there is minimal time for group discussion or when the leader is the most knowledgable and reliable member of the group. (Kendra Van Wagner) Participative leadership allows everyone to take part in the discussion and decision-making processes and is guided by the leader. The output of the work lead by democratic leaders is more creative. Members are being more motivated and creative as the leader encourage them to participate, but preserve the final decision to him. (Kendra Van Wagner) Members under delegative leadership work independently with a little or no guidance at all from the leader and leave decision-making to the rest of the group. On the other hand, this style can be useful for members that are highly competent in an area of proficiency, but frequently results into weakly defined roles and lack of enthusiasm. (Kendra Van Wagner) Leadership goes hand in hand with management. Though the two are inseparable terms, it is important to know the distinction between them. Leadership deals with the concept and rationale while management is into the logistic details such as who, when and when. Leaders direct the organizarion while managers handle the process towards a certain goal. Leaders motivate others to go beyond their limit and explore whereas managers make others do what they need to do. Managers are focused on present circumstances; leaders conentrate on conceptualizing and foreseeing. Leaders plan; managers make things done. They have different jobs and responsibillities, yet the two are directly linked to each other. How can you plan for the future and lead if you don’t know how to manage and work things out? (Webb) Works Cited Jaworski, Joseph. Synchronicity: The Inner Path of Leadership . Berrett-Koehler Publishers; 1st ed edition , March 1996. Kendra Van Wagner. Leadership Theories. 2007. About. com. 26 September 2007 http://psychology. about. com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories. htm. Webb, Bert. My Two Cents: Leadership vs. Management. 26 September 2007 http://hwebbjr. typepad. com/openloops/2005/03/my_two_cents_le. html.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Molluscan Assemblage on the Intertidal Zones of Butuan Bay

Molluscan Assemblage on the Intertidal Zones of Butuan Bay MOLLUSCAN ASSEMBLAGE (UNIVALVIA AND BIVALVIA) ON THE INTERTIDAL ZONES OF BUTUAN BAY, AGUSAN DEL NORTE, NORTHEASTERN MINDANAO ARIEYL C. JAMODIONG INTRODUCTION Coastal zone is one of the marine environments where the most intense and harsh conditions in the world occurs. This aquatic biome often deals with the changing of tide daily allowing extreme exposure to sunlight so that high temperature, increase salinity (due to intense evaporation) and low water supply is often experienced in this area. Moreover, this part of the aquatic world is open to strong action brought about by the wave thereby making this region the most severe environment to live in. In spite of this, vast array of animals exist because they are well adapted to these extreme conditions. Among these diverse organisms are the molluscs which are the most familiar form of invertebrates on earth. This group of animal is very important ecologically and economically since they create a vital link in the marine food web (Burkepile 2007; Castell Sweatman 1997) and the edible forms are source of protein for human consumption, while the shells are known for its use as raw materials for poultry feeds, cement producer, fertilizers, ornamentals (Paul et al 2014; Tabugo et al 2013; Del Norte-Campos et al 2003; Floren 2003; Schoppe et al 1998) and even has the potential as antiviral drugs (Chatterji et al 2002). Due to these, the coastal zone can therefore be considered as the most productive and since it is easily accessible, this region is vulnerable to impacts of anthropogenic activities (Vaghela et al 2010). Without a doubt, exploitation of natural resources (i.e unregulated harvesting) are now causing catastrophic effects on the molluscan fauna of the intertidal zone (Doloroza Dangan-Galon 2014; Jontila et al 2014; Gomez Mingoa-Licuanan 2006) as a result of rapid increase in human population, tourist development and commercial demands. Interplay among environmental (sediment size, wave action, salinity of the interstitial water, organic matter and calcium carbonate contents of the sediment) and biological factors (predation, competition and recruitment) affects the temporal and spatial changes in species abundance in biological communities (Flores-Rodrà ­guez et al 2014; Esqueda-Gonzalez et al 2014; Rahman Barkati 2012; Batomalaque et al 2010; Rios-Jara et al 2009; de Arruda Amaral 2003; Azouzi et al. 2002). In the Philippines, intense human activities (for instance, harvesting, tourism and fishing) has resulted to un-controlled over exploitation of natural resources especially commercially important species despite international and local laws that banned the harvesting of these valuable commodities. In order for sustainable use of marine and coastal living resources to become successful, sufficient information on biological diversity must be done. Studies on diversity and abundance on molluscs in the country a re inadequate which include the works of Dolorosa Dangan-Galon (2014), Picardal Dolorosa (2014), Dolorosa Jontila (2012), Batomalaque et al (2010), Dolorosa Schoppe (2005) with relatively few works done in Mindanao, Philippines (Manzo et al 2014; Tabugo et al 2013). Therefore, the aim of this study is to do assessment on the abundance of molluscan assemblage (gastropods and bivalves) in the intertidal zone of Butuan Bay with the following objectives: (1) to measure the physical and chemical parameters of the water (DO, temperature, salinity and pH), and the sediment contents (total organic matter, calcium carbonate and grain size); (2) to come up with a list of gastropods and bivalves by identifying collected molluscs; (3) to compare the abundance and diversity of these molluscan assemblage between established sites; and (4) to identify which among the physical, chemical and sediment contents that may control or influence the distribution and abundance of gastropod and bivalve a ssemblage. It is hoped, that monitoring molluscan biodiversity of any marine ecosystem specifically the easily accessible intertidal zone will allow appropriate assessment of the effects of anthropogenic (e.g., pollution, unregulated harvesting, habitat degradation and fishing practices) as well as natural (e.g., hurricanes and currents) factors on species diversity and abundance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of the Study Area Butuan Bay is located in the northeast section of Mindanao and is part of Bohol Sea. It has a latitude of 9 °04†²N and longitude of 125 °22†²E (http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Butuan_Bay). The well-known Agusan River, which is the longest river in Mindanao, brings freshwater into Butuan bay. The bay is an important fishing ground where most of the fishermen catch tuna and sardines (Wernsted Spencer 1967). Sampling Stations Four sampling sites will be positioned on the intertidal zones of Butuan Bay, Agusan del Norte for the assessment of molluscs (Figure 1). These sites will be chosen on the basis of the type of substrate and presence of industries, beach resorts and bamboo houses or shanties constructed along the coastline. Station 1 will be situated at Barangay Pook, Tubay where San Roque Metals Inc. is present. The company is involved in nickel mining which dumped its wastes directly into the coast causing the water to turn into a brownish coloration. The intertidal flat is composed largely of broken corals and is characterized by rubble substrate that may have resulted from the mining demolition. Station 2 will be established along Barangay Marcos, Magallanes where Eurasia Match Inc. (EMI) is located. The company is one of the biggest Figure 1. Geographical locations of the four sampling sites in the intertidal zones  of Butuan Bay, Northeastern Philippines (http://www.maphill.com/philippines/region-10/agusan-del-norte/simple-maps/silver-style-map/) distributor of match in the country. About 250 meters away from this station is the outlet of Agusan River which was reported to have carried with it run-off waters contaminated with residues of mercury and cyanide believed to have come from Mt. Diwalwal, the biggest mining site located in Compostela Valley (http://www.bar.gov.ph/digest-home/digest-archives/94-2003-4th-quarter/3282-oct-dec03-mercury-contamination-in-agusan-river). The intertidal flat is distinguished by a muddy flat substrate. Station 3 will be established at Barangay Sta. Ana, Nasipit where the Aboitiz floating power barge was situated. The barge makes use of petroleum to provide electricity to the entire province of Agusan del Norte during long episode of power shortage. Fish pens are also visible along the area. This area is made up of muddy flat with mangroves situated along the shoreline. Station 4 will be placed at Barangay Vinapor, Carmen where the intertidal zone hosts diverse species of corals and seagrass b ed. This site is devoid of any industries although several beach resorts are present. Establishment of Transects and Quadrats Three transects, with lengths of 50 meters and positioned perpendicular to the shore, will be placed on the intertidal flat of each sampling site. The interval between transect lines will be 50 meters. Along each transect, four 11 meter quadrats set 10 meters apart from each other, will be laid. Within each quadrat, all environmental parameters, sediment samples for analysis of sediment contents, and all molluscs seen will be quantified â€Å"in situ† and will be gathered, respectively. Forty-eight quadrats (48 m2) will be laid down on the intertidal zones for the entire sampling sites during low tide. Employing a GPS (Garmin GPSMAP 76S), coordinates for each sampling sites will be taken. â€Å"In situ† determination of environmental parameters and the contents of the sediment Determination of the physical and chemical factors namely, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and salinity will be done directly on the field using the portable DO meter (AMSTAT, AMT07), pen type pH meter (PH-009) and refractometer (ATAGO), respectively. Fifty grams (50g) sediment samples will be collected for the analysis of total organic matter and calcium carbonate using a plastic corer. Soil samples for the grain size determination will be obtained by gathering 200g sediments using a grab sampler. Sediment collected will be placed separately in a Ziploc bag and labelled properly. Three sediment samples for the sediment content analysis will be obtained in every quadrat and will be placed inside the freezer until laboratory analysis. Field collection of Molluscs samples Samples for the collection of epifauna molluscs will be done by means of picking up live organisms seen on the sediment inside each of the quadrat. Specimens gathered will be stored inside a labelled plastic container and will be preserved with 10% formalin-seawater solution. Conversely, infauna species will be collected using a grab sampler which will be pushed to a depth of 15cm in the center of the quadrat. Sediment sample for the infauna species will be placed in a Ziploc bag. Laboratory analysis of Molluscs samples Infauna species will be removed from the soil by sieving through a sieve with a 500 µm mesh opening. Molluscs retained on the sieve will be transferred to a tray and each species encountered will be hand-sorted and preserved in 10% formalin-seawater solution. Immediately, all molluscs will be cleaned, identified to species level and counted. A voucher specimen of each representative species will be set aside and its soft tissues will be removed, its shells will be cleaned and measured to the nearest 0.1 mm using a Vernier caliper and then pictures will be taken using a digital camera (Sony Cyber-Shot, 16 MP). Counts will be expressed as numerical and relative abundance. Numerical abundance will be expressed as number of individuals per m2, while relative abundance for each species will be calculated as a percent of total molluscan species present. Molluscs will be identified using the standard works of Springsteen Leobrera (1986) and the illustrated guides to marine gastropods (ht tp:// www.gastropods. com.) and seashells (www.seashellhub.com, www.jaxshells.com.). Laboratory analyses of organic matter contents in the sediments and grain size Determination of calcium carbonate concentration and total organic matter will be quantified using the method described by Moghaddasi et al (2009). Calcium carbonate will be done by drying the sediment samples inside an oven at 70 °C for about 8 hours. Then, around twenty-five grams (25 g) will be weighed (W1), mixed with HCl (0.1 N) and will be stirred until no CO2 bubbles appeared before it will be stored. After 25 hours, the sample will be filtered and the upper liquid phase discarded. The residual sediments will be dried at 70 °C for 8 hours and reweighed again (W2). Calcium carbonate percentage will be measured by the following formula: CaCO3 (%) = 100 (W1-W2) / W1 For the total organic matter (TOM) analysis, a pre-weighed crucible (C) half-filled with the sediment samples will be dried at 70 °C for 24 hours and afterwards reweighed (A). Subsequently, sediment samples will be placed in a furnace at 550 °C for about 12 hours, then will be allowed to cool before it will be reweighed again (B). The total organic matter will be calculated as follows: TOM (%) = 100 (A-B) (A-C) Grain size will be determined following the method described by Das (2009) using 100g oven-dried sediment which will be sieved using series of screen sieves of 3.35 mm, 0.841 mm, 0.595 mm, 0.31 mm, 0.149 mm, and 0.074 and 0.053 mm mesh opening. Soil particles retained on each sieve will be taken and weighed separately. The percentage of each particle fraction will be computed as shown below: Percentage weight= Dry weight of grained sediments x 100 Total dry weight of sediments Particle size will be determined based on the USDA Soil Textural Triangle. Statistical Analyses Index for diversity profiles will be calculated using Shannon-Weaver Index, Margalef Index and Menhinick Index in order to determine changes in the composition of molluscs species. Variation on the abundance of molluscan species between sampling stations will be analyzed using One-way ANOVA. To know which among the environmental parameters and sediment contents that may influence the numerical abundance of molluscan assemblage, the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) will be used. Similarities among molluscan assemblage will be determined using the Cluster Analysis (Wards Method). PAST (PAleontological STatistical) software version 2.17 will be employed for all the statistical analyses (http://folk.uio.no/ohammer/past/) (Hammer et al., 2001). LITERATURE CITED Azouzi L., Bourget E., Borcard D., 2002 Spatial variation in the intertidal bivalve  Macoma balthica: biotic variables in relation to density and abiotic factors. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 234:159–170. Batomalaque G. A., Arce B. G. P., Hernandez M. B. M., Fontanilla I. K. C., 2010.  Survey and spatial distribution of shoreline malacofauna in Grande Island, Subic Bay. Philippine Journal of Science 139 (2):149-159. Burkepile D., E., Hay M. E., 2007 Predator release of the gastropod Cyphoma  gibbosum increases predation on gorgonian corals. Oecologia 154(1):167–173. Castell L. L., Sweatman H. P. A., 1997 Predator-prey interactions among some  intertidal gastropods on the Great Barrier Reef. J. Zool. 241(1):145–159. Chatterji A., Ansari Z. A., Ingole B. S., Bichurina M. A., Marina S., Baikov Y. A., 2002 Indian Marine Bivalves: Potential Source of Antiviral Drugs. Current science 8(10):1279-1281. Das B. M. 2009 Soil Mechanics Laboratory Manual. 7th Edition, Oxford  University Press Inc, New York. de Arruda E. P., Amaral A. C. Z., 2003 Spatial distribution of mollusks in the  intertidal zone of sheltered beaches in Southeastern of Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 20(2):291-300. Del Norte-Campos A. G., Declarador M. B., Beldia R. A., 2003 Catch  composition, harvest and effort estimates of gleaned macroinvertebrates in Malalison Island, Northwestern Panay. University of the Philippines Visayas J Nat Sci 8:129–141. Dolorosa R. G., Dangan-Galon F., 2014 Species richness of bivalves and  gastropods in Iwahig River-Estuary, Palawan, the Philippines. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2(1):207-215. Dolorosa R. G., Jontila J. B. S., 2012 Notes on common macrobenthic reef  invertebrates of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Philippines. Science Diliman 24:2:1-11. Dolorosa R. G., Schoppe S., 2005 Focal benthic mollusks (Mollusca: Bivalvia and  Gastropoda) of selected sites in Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park,  Palawan, Philippines. Science Diliman 17:2:1-10. Esqueda-Gonzalez M. D., Rios-Jara E., Galvan-Villa C. M., Rodriguez-Zaragoza  F. A., 2014 Species composition, richness, and distribution of marine bivalve molluscs in Bahia de Mazatlan, Mexico. ZooKeys 399:43–69. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.399.6256. Floren A., 2003 The Philippine shell industry with special focus on Mactan, Cebu.  Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. United States Agency for International Development, 50 pp. Flores-Rodrà ­guez P., Flores-Garza R., Garcà ­a-Ibà ¡Ãƒ ±ez S., Valdà ©s-Gonzà ¡lez A.,  Violante-Gonzà ¡lez J., Santiago Cortà ©s E., Galeana-Rebolledo L., Torreblanca-Ramà ­rez C., 2012 Mollusk species richness on the rocky shores of the State of Guerrero, Mexico, as affected by rains and their geographical distribution. Natural Resources 3:248-260. Gomez E. D., Mingoa-Licuanan S. S., 2006 Achievements and lessons learned in  restocking giant clams in the Philippines. Fisheries Research 80(1):46-52. Hammer O., Harper D. A. T., Ryan P. D., 2001 PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4:1-9. Jontila J. B. S., Gonzales B. J., Dolorosa R. G., 2014 Effects of poaching on  Topshell Tectus niloticus population of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Palawan, Philippines. The Palawan Scientist 6:14-27. Manzo K., Estandarte M. H., Dalipe R. E., Ulangutan J., Lecera J. M., Acob A.,  Diamalod J., Salmo W., Jumawan J., 2014 Survey and diversity of  intertidal mollusks in Alabel and Maasim, Sarangani Province,  Philippines. AACL Bioflux 7(6):449-457. Moghaddasi B., Nabavi S. M. B., Vosoughi G., Fatemi S. M. R., Jamili S., 2009 Abundance and distribution of benthic foraminifera in the Northern Oman Sea (Iranian side) continental shelf sediments. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 3(2):210-217. Paul P., Panigrahi A. K., Tripathy B., 2014 A study of marine molluscs with  respect to their diversity, relative abundance and species richness in North-East coast of India. Indian Journal of Applied Research 4(12):538-541. Picardal R. M., Dolorosa R. G., 2014 The molluscan fauna (gastropods and  bivalves) and notes on environmental conditions of two adjoining protected bays in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2(5):72-90. Rahman S., Barkati S., 2012 Spatial and temporal variations in the species  composition and abundance of benthic molluscs along 4 rocky shores of Karachi. Turk J Zool 36(3):291-306. Rios-Jara E., Navarro-Caravantes C. M., Galvan-Villa C. M., Lopez-Uriarte E.,  2009 Bivalves and gastropods of the gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico: a checklist of species with notes on their habitat and local distribution. Journal of Marine Biology 1-12. Schoppe S., Gatus J., Milan P. P., Seronay R. A., 1998 Gleaning activities on the  islands of Apid, Digyo and Mahaba, Inopacan, Leyte, Philippines. Philipp Scient 35:130–140. Springsteen F. J., Leobrera F. M., 1986 Shells of the Philippines. Carfel Shell  Museum, Philippines, 377p. Tabugo S. R. M., Pattuinan J. O., Sespene N. J. J., Jamasali A. J., 2013 Some  Economically important bivalves and gastropods found in the island of Hadji Panglima Tahil, in the province of Sulu, Philippines. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences 2(7):30-36. Vaghela A., Bhadja P., Ramoliya J., Patel N., Kundu R., 2010 Seasonal  variations in the water quality, diversity and population ecology of intertidal macrofauna at an industrially influenced coast. Water Science and Technology 61(6):1505-1514. Wernsted F. L., Spencer J. E., 1967 The Philippine Island World: A physical,  cultural and regional geography. University of California, Barkeley Press, 742p. http://folk.uio.no/ohammer/past/ http:// www.gastropods. com. http:// www.seashellhub.com http:// www.jaxshells.com.). http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Butuan_Bay http://www.maphill.com/philippines/region-10/agusan-del-norte/simple-maps/silver-style-map/ http://www.bar.gov.ph/digest-home/digest-archives/94-2003-4th-quarter/3282-oct-dec03-mercury-contamination-in-agusan-river

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Free College Admissions Essays: Mathematics :: College Admissions Essays

Mathematics    I have always enjoyed mathematics from an early age. As I progressed through A-level, I began to appreciate the importance of mathematics in other science and in commercial life. I believe that a degree in mathematics will leave me very versatile in terms of a future career choice. From 1992 onwards, I was selected every year to represent the school for Hans Woyda Mathematics competition between Home Counties schools. In 1997/98, I was captain of the team. Previously, we have reached the semi-finals of the competition. I have also attained three gold awards in the Sharp UK Mathematical Challenge on the occasions I entered. I have also gained a Merit award in the British Physics Olympiad competition.    I enjoy computer programming and am fluent in Basic and Visual Basic. In 1997, I gained experience work with Cable & Wireless at their Mercury One 2 One division. This involved using a Unix based system running in real time with the company's other offices. During this time, I learnt to set-up spreadsheets for the company, requiring macro programming. The aim was to generate weekly forecasts.    The school participated in the Young Enterprise scheme, sponsored by major UK companies. The scheme entails setting up a business organisation with a board of directors comprising of members from various schools. As financial director of Avanti, which manufactured and sold celebratory cards, I was responsible for the company's financial health. The company made a considerable profit (67% net), leading to second position in the local competition. This experience gave me the opportunity to develop my organisational and communication skills. I was also an active member of the 6th form council with responsibility for ordering and monitoring stock for the vending machine.    Since 1994, I have played rugby for the school's 1st XV. I have competed for the school at 200m and recently took part in the 'Tough Guy' competition, an endurance course entailing several months of rigorous training and raising money for charity. I have recently gained my 1st Dan Black belt in Karate.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Speech: Dealing with Change -- essays research papers

The bombing of the two towers, September 11th, 2001. 2 749 reported deaths. The bombing of Hiroshima, August 6th and August 9th, 1945. 120 000 reported deaths. The battle for Gallipoli, from February 1915 to January 1916, a total of 505 000 recorded deaths, 28 150 of these were Australian. The Trojan War, 400 B.C. Total annihilation of Troy. Good morning friends, classmates and teachers. On any of these given days, thousands of people died. These acts of war were inspired by passion, greed and revenge. No one really wanted for their people to die – but they did. And this is something that no one can, or ever will be able to change. People have however, taken steps to address these wrongs. Some by retaliation, or being retaliated upon, others by an act of peace. It is not up to me to decide for these nations which of these developments are better, but I do see it as my duty to think, to wonder and to acknowledge. Lives were lost. Was it for nothing? How would the world differ today if none of these events had occurred? Would we have had a more peaceful place to grow up in? Or would a human’s basic instinct still win out, therefore creating more turmoil then there ever has been? Though as much as we should think and wonder about this, there is also nothing that we ever could have done, nor is there an answer to any of these questions. That said, these questions are important, not only to acknowledge the lives that were lost, but also so that we may stop and think next time before we act, instead of after. Before any of us do or say something that may effect and invoke change, because nothing can ever make things go back to the way they were. Depending on how things have been affected and altered, this can either be a goo... ...ecause we will always carry those through our lives, remembering the people who were there, and who cared enough to make sure that we opened our eyes to notice the world that surrounded us. When our time comes to stand up and be counted we will remember those who taught us that we are all different. We will remember the time when we realized that we are all the same. We will know that it will not matter in life who we were friends with or what clubs we belonged to. It will not matter what our grades were, or what kind of clothes we wore. It will not matter what kind of cars our parents drove. It will not matter what our dreams were, but what dreams we accomplish. Agathon was right when he said that â€Å"God cannot change the past†, and I for one am glad for that, but we must remember that while not even God can change the past, but it is our job to change the future.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Operational Management Kaplan Nortan Generic Map Essay

In Kaplan & Norton Generic Strategy map, one perspective is the learning and growth perspective. Explain the significance of this perspective. Write the requirement of the perspective in detail and what outcome can be achieved if it is followed. Significance * Learning and growth strategies are important for the long term development of the firm * Learning and growth perspective defines the intangible assets which are needed to enable the activities and customer relationships to be performed at high level * It includes measurement for people (employee retention, training, skills, morale) * It also measure critical real time information needed for front line employees * The chain of cause and effect relationships tend to cause improvements in business processes , which in turn cause improvements in sales and financial measurement of profitability. The direction of cause and effects relationship can be emphasized as: Learning and growth  º Internal business process  º Customer  º Financial * It continuously develop and deliver new innovative products and services * Organization innovation and learning perspective is used to maintain infrastructure needed for long term growth and improvements. Learning and Growth perspect ive: In learning and growth perspective organizations purpose is â€Å"to achieve its mission and how it will sustain its ability to change and improve† it defines the intangible assets that are needed to enable activities and customer relationship to be performed at high levels of performance so that the firm can serve its customer well. This perspective is also the base of forming strategy if base is well structured and aligned with the organizational objective strategy can prove itself more effective. It is important important for the long term development of the firm. Requirements Requirements of learning and growth perspective are listed below: * Strategic competencies * Strategic technologies * Climate for action Strategic competencies: Strategic competencies are the strategic skills and knowledge required by the work force to support the strategy. Strategy itself is of no use until unless supported and implemented by the workforce of the organization. Employees should be involved in decision making so that they considered themselves a part of the firm and take rational decisions about .If some employee is doing well for the organization firm should reward him and give him recognition for the job that he has performed well this thing gives us the concept of motivation it is the driving force that drives a person to achieve its objective. Strategic Technologies: These are the materials and process technologies, information system, databases, tools, and network required to support the strategy. Once strategy is made now it requires some technical software tools for its processing it can be some software that enable the work force to reduce times in the operations of the business. An organization can gain competitive edge over its competitors by using technologies. Climate for actions: Climate for action provides the cultural shifts needed to motivate, empower, and align the workforce behind the strategy . it’s the course of action that how organization is going to align its strategic competencies, strategic technologies with each other . organization matches its abilities with its strategies and oversees if it can perform as they have made the strategy. It’s a point where organization checks its strategic fit between the organizational plan and resources employed for it . It accesses the climate prior to the action . Outcomes As it focuses on intangible assets of the firm mainly on the internal skills and capabilities of the employees that are required to support the value creating internal processes. It also describes how technology people are combined to support the strategy and if it is implemented it can lead in the improvement in the internal processes, customers, and financial perspective

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Was Caesar a Good Leader?

Julius Caesar was born on July 12, 100 BC in Rome. He was a great leader of the Roman Empire. Some people believe that Caesar wasn’t a great leader or man. Experts say he was greedy and a megalomaniac. They also say that he bribed the people to love him and he cheated the system. Other experts say he was a great leader because he was for the Roman people unlike previous leaders. I believe that Caesar was a great leader for the Roman people because he created reforms to help the people, created a new government, and changed the course of history.Caesar was very helpful to the people when he took over. He created many solid reforms to give the people what they needed. He won people over by creating them. Some of the reforms he created were tax reforms in Asia and Sicily, allowing captured people to become citizens, and giving free food to the poor. The tax reforms in Asia and Sicily were made because â€Å"both had suffered from avaricious governors and tax-collectors. (Seindal 2003) This put Caesar at an advantage because this reform got people in other places to like him better. Caesar allowed people that he captured while he was fighting to become citizens throughout his dictatorship. This helped the Roman Empire prosper because it had many different abilities and trades coming in with all the different people. Finally, Caesar gave food to the poor. He didn’t ration it. He just gave it out to them. This meant that people that couldn’t get their own food could have it very easily.

Data Warehouse

The Kimball Lifestyle is the recommended approach to design, develop & deploy he DO/BI, as described in aforementioned text book (eBook). The illustration at Figure 1 summarizes main stages from the Lifestyle. Figure 1: The Kimball DO/BI Lifestyle The Kimball method helps to explain business requirements adding value to an organization. The company must realize this value add, acknowledge it and then decide to implement the solution. (MS. Com, n. D. ).Issues and Process involved in Implementation of DO/BI system Dimensions Business Processes Date Transaction Client outlet Category Type Product Venue Budget Events_organize x Celebrity Booking Advertisement Books Sale Book Distribution Commission payment The Data Warehouse Bus Matrix The main process involved is the development of the Data warehouse Bus Matrix, as it was highlighted in the earlier section. The Enterprise Data Warehouse Bus Matrix is the data framework for the enterprise data warehouse.The Figure below shows the bus mat rix for Jar Bookstore: Data Model Design The Kimball method provides practical approach land selects the right physical model based upon how usable and flexible it is and how is its performance & maintenance. Almost all these type of models are classic star schemas, as shown in Figure 3. The complete information of a process is its central fact table. Its like a first normal form or ‘De-normalized' dimension tables, which surrounds the fact table.Then there are details or dimension tables which can be joined with integer keys called ‘surrogate keys'. This is shown in the below figure. Some researchers call for the normalized, third normal form model at lowest level in data warehouse as this provides Max flexibility. The dimension or detail table bear an analogy to this as will be shown in the subsequent analysis in the later sections. (MS. Com n. . ) Figure 3: An orders business process star schema Star Schema Model Here is a design of star schema, with clear dimensions with Primary an Foreign Keys.As per the Kimball Method, the star schema represents the Normalized Source Tables. As per the model, the â€Å"dimensions are the objects that participate in an organization's business processes. We generally model these as one table per object. Building the dimension in the TTL system involves joining the various normalized description and hierarchy tables that populate the dimension attributes and writing the results into a single table. (Thorniest, W, 201 1) RED Diagram to provide a complete overview of the Online Bookstore.Data warehouse requires designing Fact tables and dimension tables. As provided earlier the fact table is the central table within star schema of a data warehouse. A fact table contains basic, raw and De-normalized data. For the Jar Bookstore there are three types of facts: (Thorniest, W, 2011) 1. Additive: these are summed up data 2. Semi-Additive: Semi-additive facts that can be summed up for some data only 3. Non-Additive: Non -additive facts are facts that cannot be summed up. In the context of Jar Bookstore we illustrate each these three types of facts.The first example assumes that we are a retailer, and we have a fact table with the follows Eng columns: Date Store Sales Amount This table records the sales amount for each product in each store on a daily basis. This data is extracted in the excel sheet as well and will be analyzed in the later sections. The Jar Bookstore has the following fact table: Date Books Current Balance Profit_Margin The object of this table is to record the current balance for each account at the end of each day (DOD Balance).

Friday, November 8, 2019

The Literal Meaning Of Renaissance Is Simply Rebirth Religion Essay Essay Example

The Literal Meaning Of Renaissance Is Simply Rebirth Religion Essay Essay Example The Literal Meaning Of Renaissance Is Simply Rebirth Religion Essay Paper The Literal Meaning Of Renaissance Is Simply Rebirth Religion Essay Paper The actual significance of Renaissance is merely rebirth whereas Protestant reformation means the interrupting off organize the philosophies of the Catholic Church by some of its followings. Renaissance began around 14th century in Italy and it spread to the northern parts of Europe including states like England by around 16th century and ended in north by mid 17th century. In Renaissance period there was a immense reclamation of impulse in the survey of classical antiquity. Renaissance was an age of new finds both of rational and geographical nature. These finds led to enormous alterations in western signifier of civilisation. Just like the Renaissance, there was a rejection of medieval acquisition by the humanists. Protestant reformation seemed to belie the traditions of the mediaeval Christianity. Protestantism came into consequence at around 16th century when a German monastic by the name Martin Luther went contrary to the church corruptness by the Canterbury Chaucer. Martin s di ssensions with the church eventually resulted in him and his followings interrupting off from the chief Catholic Church organizing another group known as the Protestants. Protestant reformation besides had some important political deductions. Compared to protestant reformation, Renaissance is more of import because it approached civilisation in a wide position, for case in the subjects such as intellectuals and geographical geographic expeditions. Protestant reformation on the other manus is someway a narrow signifier of reformation that chiefly focused on spiritual issues. In Renaissance for case, scientific discipline was extremely advanced in 15th century by the celebrated Copernicus who tried all his best in turn outing that the Sun and non the Earth was surrounded by the planets. His position radically changed the cosmic position of the universe by many during the Middle Ages that. By so Martin Luther s challenge of the church led to the separation of one of the well known establishments that brought Europe together throughout the Middle Ages. Renaissance focused on five major related issues. First, though the minds tried to associate with the classical antiquity and interrupt off from the in-between ages, really of import links with their yesteryear, for illustration the deep sense of belief in the great concatenation of being still existed. Second, during this epoch certain most of import alterations of political nature were in procedure. The 3rd issue is that some of the really baronial ideals of the epoch were expressed good by the humanitarianism motion. The 4th issue which is connected to the ideals of humanists was imitation , a literary philosophy that was critical for its thoughts refering the public presentation of literary plants. Finally the spiritual motion became really influential in footings of literary creative activity and modern manner of life in general. Renaissance minds were strongly adhered to classical antiquity values, particularly as seen in the freshly found classics of history, moral doctrine and literature. They tend to disassociate in a converse mode from the in-between age work which they treat negatively as a historical period. They belief that in-between age was set in between two really of import historical periods, which is their ain and the antiquity. However, modern bookmans have found out that really of import proceedings with the past ages still exist. The large concatenation of being for case is some of the most of import continuities in the classical period. It considered that for every bing thing in the existence, there is divinely bing place in a hierarchal mode. The place depends on a comparative proportion of affair and spirit the being contains. The great concatenation of being had political major political branchings in the sense that seeking to lift beyond one s place in the hierarchy was seen as incorrect. This of class was of great benefit to swayers of political nature because it helped in reenforcing their authorization. The consequence was that civil opposition led to the interruption of the concatenation which would take to dire effects in other kingdoms harmonizing to the philosophy of correspondence. This signified that there was a opposition force against God. The impulse for a strong political regulation was really of import ; Renaissance ended some portion of feudal system which was the in-between age signifier of political agreement. Major political additions of Renaissance were the constitution of effectual authorities which was centralized in the North and besides south. The Northern portion of Europe saw the coming up of the monarchies headed by the male monarchs particularly in France and England. There was the rise of territorial city state in Italy which was headed by affluent households known as oligarchic. Again the concatenation of great being suggested that there existed an ideal behaviour which was appropriate for their topographic point following the hierarchal order. This could be the ground why a batch of Renaissance literature is about the ideals of kingship with behaviour and character of swayers like in the Shakespeare s Henry V and Machiavelli s prince. In Renaissance, humanitarianism led to renewed accent to life in the universe instead than other religious life related to the in-between ages. However simple it may be, the fact is that Renaissance humanist chiefly emphasized on human self-respect on the expanded capacities of human life in the universe. It chiefly regarded human existences as animals who are societal and who can make meaningful unrecorded by merely tie ining with other societal existences. In the footings used in the Renaissance itself, Humanism has represented a motion from the manner of life with contemplation to the active manner of life. In the Medieval Age, immense value had frequently been adhered to the life of contemplation and faith, non related in anyhow to the secular life. The highest cultural values in Renaissance were chiefly related with active engagement in public sphere life style, in military action, political, and moral position, and the province service. It is obvious that the traditional spirit ual values mixed with the new non spiritual values ; really, some of the most necessary Humanists, like Erasmus, were Churchmen. Again, single accomplishment, cognition diverseness, and personal aspiration were extremely valued. The theory of the Renaissance Man refers to a individual who, in add-on to taking portion actively in the public personal businesss, has cognition and accomplishment in many related countries like John Milton and Leonardo Da Vinci together with Francis Bacon, who had declared that he had taken all cognition to be his state. Nevertheless, personal aspiration was non the major point targeted by Renaissance Humanists, who centered their focal point chiefly on learning people how to take portion in it and govern a society. By and large, in consciously seeking to resuscitate the idea and civilization of classical antiquity, may be the most critical value the Humanists obtained from their work of classical literature, moral doctrine and history was the societal nature of humanity. The philosophy of imitation is another construct that came into pattern from the classical yesteryear although it was at that place in the in-between ages. From the two senses that the term was traditionally used, renaissance theoretical accent was literary critical and non chiefly on the imitation whose true significance was merely a contemplation of life intending following of the predecessors which contradicts our ain originality accent. The purpose was non to come up with any thing new. To a big extent, current critic s great literary activities which express unequivocal moral values had been put down already in classical antiquity. Chiefly different from the Renaissance and of less impact to modern life is the Protestant reformation. Many Catholics like Erasmus wanted to convey alterations to the church from within. Luther s dissensions nevertheless made him to dispute the really basic Catholic Church philosophies. This resulted in him and his followings interrupting off and get downing their ain motion known as the Protestant motion. Although the reform had some important political effects, Renaissance still outweigh it. The Protestants divided the establishment that had brought together Europe under the Catholic Pope. Among the few of import Protestant dogmas include the rejection of Catholic Pope as the religious leader. Another close philosophy was the rejection of the church as the exclusive authorization in holding its priests interceding between worlds and God. Harmonizing to the Protestants, the church as a holy establishment was non allowed to supply redemption to the, but by a direct and single relati onship with God which is obtained through the reading of the bible. Critics nevertheless think that the accent on personal civilization of spiritualism had and deduction on the Protestants. Some Protestants on the other manus believed that entire corruptness of human nature began right at the minute when Adam and eve sinned in the garden of Aden. They believe that human existences are non capable of lending to redemption. For case merely good actions could merely be achieved through religion in the grace of God. In general footings there is ambivalency sing the places of Protestants, and the dissension between many of the religious orders could be what precisely differentiates the Renaissance from the medieval faith. The literary branchings of the Protestant reformation include their rejection of the church leading that led to the placing of the authorization chiefly on the bible. As a consequence, the Protestants emphasized that all the trusters must read the bible for themselves. To accomplish this, the Protestants actively participated in interpreting the bible to common linguistic communications with an purpose of guaranting that all the laypersons could read the message in the bible. The pattern met a hostile resistance from the Catholic Church who insisted on saving of the bible in Latin linguistic communication. The Protestants besides stressed that the bible demand to be understood in its original linguistic communications which were the Grecian and the Hebrew. Protestants are like the humanists who wanted the ancient linguistic communications to be preserved. The accent on the bible had a great impact in literature since the Bible was a renewed stuff of literary inspiration particularly in capable affair and literary from. It besides provided legion beginning of symbolic information. Renaissance stands out as the most of import tool of western civilisation as compared to protestant reformation because it has incorporated a figure of classical antiquities like imitation, concatenation of great being, humanitarianism and geographical geographic expedition that had enormous consequence in the western civilisation. Protestant reforms merely narrowed the reforms to a spiritual position where there was small impact in the modern manner of life. Most of the current scientific surveies are based on the Renaissance development of survey particularly the Copernicus theories on the solar system.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

German war effort in World War essays

German war effort in World War essays By late 1943 the Germans war efforts in Russia where looking more and more bleak. With a large number of German forces still entrenched in the Russian heartland problems that they faced where surmounting quickly. One would have to look back at 1942 to see the beginning of the difficulties the Germans faced both on the frontlines and back in Germany. In July 1943, the battle of Kursuk began, which was given the codename of Operation Citadel by the Germans. This battle was to be one of the wars largest armored engagements of the war on the eastern front. This battle lasted less than a month. The attitude of the German High Command is seen when Keegan states "No one was readier to admit defeat than Hitler. 'Thats the last time I will heed the advice of my General Staff, 'he told his adjutants after a meeting with Manstein and Kluge on 13 July to decide the future of the operation, and he ordered Citadel to be closed down." (Keegan pg 471) German panzer production was well below the expected output of 1000 a month, in actual production of only 300 plus panzers a month. During the short, but decisive, battle of Kursuk approximately half of the monthly output had been lost in the short period when the operation began until Hitler called it off. German war equipment and logistical support was being hampered by the Allied bombing of major industrial centers and city centers. Overy points out that "The bombing offensive caused German military leaders to drain much needed air strength away from the main fighting fronts to protect the Reich, weakening German resistance in the Soviet Union and the Mediterranean." (Overy, pg 129) German aircraft production turned from bombers to fighters, which reduced the bombing effect on the Soviet front. The treat of German air strikes during the Battle of Kursuk and the following German retreat was severely reduced with the Allied bombings in Germany. The intense bombing had a very disheartening e ...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Washington Views on Factions essays

Washington Views on Factions essays George Washington is the most well-known American in history. The first president of the United States, his portrait has graced the quarter and the one-dollar bill. Our capital city and even a state have borrowed his name. After Washingtons second term as president, he decided not to run for a third term. He wanted to leave the country with some words of wisdom in hopes of guiding the country to longevity without his supervision. One of the most important ideas Washington offered to the country in his Final Address was to stay away from factions. Washington says that although factions are inseperable from our nature, they should be avoided (Farewell Address). Parties form because not only is it human nature to congregate with people of similar interests, but also because a group is more likely to change something in government than a single person is. In Washingtons cabinet, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton constantly feuded because of differing views on the economy and the role of government in general. Washington must surely have realized that parties were forming; it prompted him to write about them in his Farewell Address. Washington thought of the divisions in government in different ways; one way was of sectional disunion. Washington urges that the public should indignantly frown upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our Country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts (Farewell Address). He then speaks of the fact that any kind of sectional thoughts could be harmful to every part of the country. Washington says that the North depends on the South for food, while the South depends on the North for ships to transport their goods. In addition to this, Washington says the West needs goods provided by the East, and the East needs wood from the West (Farewell Address). If any of the sections of the ...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Medieval Renaissance Monarchs of England

Medieval Renaissance Monarchs of England Because Alfred the Great unified most of the various English kingdoms under one rule, the English monarchy traditionally begins with him. However, the House of Wessex, from which Alfred hailed and which served as the nucleus of the future kingdom, is sometimes considered the first royal house, with Egbert of Wessex regarded as the first king of all England; so it is included here as well. The House of Wessex 802-839: Egbert839-855: Ethelwulf855-860: Ethelbald860-866: Ethelbert866-871: Ethelred The Anglo-Saxons   871-899: Alfred the Great899-925: Edward the Elder925-939: Athelstan939-946: Edmund946-955: Edred955-959: Eadwig959-975: Edgar the Peacable975-978: Edward the Martyr978-1016: Ethelred the Unready (interrupted by Danish conquest)1016: Edmund Ironside The Danes 1014: Swein Forkbeard1016-1035: Canute the Great1035-1040: Harold Harefoot1040-1042: Harthacanute The Anglo-Saxons, Restored 1042-1066: Edward the Confessor1066: Harold II (Godwinson) The Normans 1066-1087: William I (the Conqueror)1087-1100: William II (Rufus)1100-1135: Henry I1135-1154: Stephen The Angevins (Plantaganets) 1154-1189: Henry II1189-1199: Richard I1199-1216: John1216-1272: Henry III1272-1307: Edward I1307-1327: Edward II1327-1377: Edward III1377-1399: Richard II The Lancastrians 1399-1413: Henry IV1413-1422: Henry V1422-1461: Henry VI The Yorkists 1461-1483: Edward IV1483: Edward V (never crowned)1483-1485: Richard III The Tudors 1485-1509: Henry VII1509-1547: Henry VIII1547-1553: Edward VI1553: Lady Jane Grey (queen for nine days)1553-1558: Mary I1559-1603: Elizabeth I Please note: all the individuals above can also be found through the Whos Who in Medieval History index of Royalty and the geographical index for Britain. Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2015 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission, please visit  Abouts Reprint Permissions page. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/whoswho/fl/Medieval-Renaissance-Monarchs-of-England.htm

Monday, November 4, 2019

Martin Luther King's Representation of Law Essay

Martin Luther King's Representation of Law - Essay Example Natural law for Dr. Martin Luther King, as well as for St. Thomas Aquinas, is the part of God’s eternal plan for everything that He has created (â€Å"Legal positivism vs. natural law theory† 2). An important statement in Reverend King’s â€Å"Letter† is that his protest against an unjust law of Birmingham was nonviolent (4). He did not break a moral law by appealing to violence against another human being. Dr. King emphasizes that he has always followed the rules of the Christian morality, which is, according to him, a code of natural and just laws (4). Martin Luther King does not follow the Machiavellian doctrine of permissiveness. His viewpoint is based on the Christian morality, faith in equality of all people, and respect to every person regardless of his or her skin color, race or ethnicity. Positive law is always legal, as it is issued by some authority that has the right to decide how to regulate human interactions in a society. However, the morali ty of the law, even if it was made by a powerful and respectful person or institution, can always remain questionable. As Dr. Martin Luther King observes, Hitler’s laws in Germany were certainly legal, but they were appallingly immoral, unnatural and unjust (3). â€Å"Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever†, says Martin Luther King, and it means that an unjust law cannot last forever (4). Hitler’s laws in Germany, Saddam Hussein’s laws in Iraq or Gaddafi’s laws in Libya were legal.